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Osteoporosis

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What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a common condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. People with osteoporosis have a higher risk of fractures. Wrist fractures, hip fractures and fractures of the vertebrae (bones in the spine) are the most common type of breaks that affect people with osteoporosis. 
Osteoporosis is much more common in women than in men. Bone mass (bone density) decreases after 35 years of age, and bone loss occurs more rapidly in women over age 50 after menopause, when monthly periods stop and the ovaries stop producing an estrogen.
What are osteoporosis risk factors and causes?
The following are factors that will increase the risk of developing osteoporosis:
• Female gender
• If you are postmenopausal
• If you have an early menopause (before 45 years of age)
• If you have a family history of osteoporosis (that is, a mother, father, sister or brother affected).
• If you have a personal history of fracture as an adult
• If you are very underweight (Have a body mass index (BMI) of 19 or less(
• Cigarette smoking
• If you drink too much alcohol
• Lack calcium and/or vitamin D
• Certain medications can cause osteoporosis. These include: use too much of thyroid hormone, long-term use of heparin (a blood thinner), antiseizure medications, and long-term use of oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone).
• Chemotherapy
• Endocrine Disorders such as:
 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
 Hyperparathyroidism (overactivity of the parathyroid glands)
 Disorders of the adrenal glands, such as Cushing's syndrome, also known as hypercortisolism, is a collection of symptoms that develop due to very high levels of a hormone called cortisol in the body.
• If you have an intestinal problem that prevents calcium and vitamins from being absorbed such as occurs in celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• If you have never taken regular exercise, or have led a sedentary lifestyle.

NOTE: Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because after the menopause (when monthly periods stop), estrogen levels fall. This can lead to a rapid decrease in bone density.

What are osteoporosis symptoms and signs? 
Osteoporosis is considered a silent disease because there are often no telltale symptoms until a fracture occurs. Therefore, patients may not be aware of their osteoporosis until they suffer a painful fracture. The symptom associated with osteoporotic fractures usually is pain; the location of the pain depends on the location of the fracture.
The most common injuries in people with osteoporosis are wrist fractures, hip fractures, fractures of the spinal bones (vertebrae).
Hip fractures typically occur as a result of a fall. Spinal fractures are the most common cause of long-term (chronic) pain associated with osteoporosis. A slip or strain - or even a simple cough or sneeze - can cause the partial collapse of one of the bones of the spine. Over the years, repeated spinal fractures can lead to 
• Persistent back pain
• Loss of height 
• A stooping posture (curving of the spine due to collapse of the vertebrae)
NOTE: Osteoporosis is considered a silent disease because it usually does not cause pain unless a bone is fractured. 


How can be osteoporosis prevented?
You can help to prevent osteoporosis by:
• Taking regular exercise: Doing resistance exercises with weight-bearing exercises can help you build strong bones and slow bone loss.
• Getting enough calcium and vitamin D and eat a well balanced diet
• Not smoking
• Avoiding excess alcohol
• Preventing falls and fractures


What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
A number of different medications are used to treat osteoporosis. Your doctor will discuss the treatments available and make sure the medicines are right for you.

• Bisphosphonates: Bisphosphonates include: Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate, Zoledronic acid.
• Raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
• Calcitonin
• Denosumab
• Parathyroid hormone (teriparatide)
•
The introduction of drug A patient Pathogens Symptoms Diagnosis and treatment
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Source: What are osteoporosis risk factors and causes?
The following are factors that will increase the risk of developing osteoporosis:
• Female gender
• If you are postmenopausal
• If you have an early menopause (before 45 years of age)
• If you have a family history of osteoporosis (that is, a mother, father, sister or brother affected).
• If you have a personal history of fracture as an adult
• If you are very underweight (Have a body mass index (BMI) of 19 or less(
• Cigarette smoking
• If you drink too much alcohol
• Lack calcium and/or vitamin D
• Certain medications can cause osteoporosis. These include: use too much of thyroid hormone, long-term use of heparin (a blood thinner), antiseizure medications, and long-term use of oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone).
• Chemotherapy
• Endocrine Disorders such as:
 Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
 Hyperparathyroidism (overactivity of the parathyroid glands)
 Disorders of the adrenal glands, such as Cushing's syndrome, also known as hypercortisolism, is a collection of symptoms that develop due to very high levels of a hormone called cortisol in the body.
• If you have an intestinal problem that prevents calcium and vitamins from being absorbed such as occurs in celiac disease and primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• If you have never taken regular exercise, or have led a sedentary lifestyle.

NOTE: Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because after the menopause (when monthly periods stop), estrogen levels fall. This can lead to a rapid decrease in bone density.